Australia’s notifiable disease status, 2011: Annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System - Part 1

The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System monitors the incidence of an agreed list of communicable diseases in Australia. This report analyses notifications during 2011.

Page last updated: 26 May 2014

NNDSS Annual Report Writing Group

Abstract

In 2011, 65 diseases and conditions were nationally notifiable in Australia. States and territories reported a total of 238,158 notifications of communicable diseases to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, an increase of 14% on the number of notifications in 2010. This increase was largely due to the ongoing pertussis epidemic and higher than usual inter-season notifications of influenza. In 2011, the most frequently notified diseases were sexually transmissible infections (95,456 notifications, 40.1% of total notifications), vaccine preventable diseases (81,872 notifications, 34.4% of total notifications), and gastrointestinal diseases (32,784 notifications, 13.8% of total notifications). There were 17,123 notifications of bloodborne diseases; 8,306 notifications of vectorborne diseases; 1,928 notifications of other bacterial infections; 681 notifications of zoonoses and 8 notifications of quarantinable diseases. Commun Dis Intell 2013;37(4):E313–E393.

Keywords: Australia, communicable diseases, epidemiology, surveillance

Top of page

Introduction

Australia’s notifiable diseases status, 2011, is an annual surveillance report of nationally notifiable communicable diseases. Communicable disease surveillance in Australia operates at the national, jurisdictional and local levels. Primary responsibility for public health action lies with the state and territory health departments. The role of communicable disease surveillance at the national level includes:

  • identifying national trends;
  • providing guidance for policy development and resource allocation at the national level;
  • monitoring the need for and impact of national disease control programs;
  • coordinating the response to national or multi-jurisdictional outbreaks;
  • describing of the epidemiology of rare diseases that occur infrequently at state and territory levels;
  • meeting various international reporting requirements, such as providing disease statistics to the World Health Organization (WHO); and
  • supporting quarantine activities, which are the responsibility of the Commonwealth government.

Top of page

Methods

Australia is a federation of 6 states (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia) and 2 territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory).

State and territory health departments collect notifications of communicable diseases under their respective public health legislation. In September 2007, the National Health Security Act 20071 received royal assent. This Act provides a legislative basis for and authorises the exchange of health information, including personal information, between jurisdictions and the Commonwealth. The Act provides for the establishment of the National Notifiable Diseases List,2 which specifies the diseases about which personal information can be provided. The National Health Security Agreement,3 which was signed by Health Ministers in April 2008, establishes the operational arrangements to formalise and enhance existing surveillance and reporting systems, an important objective of the Act. Under the Agreement, in 2011 states and territories forwarded de-identified data on the nationally agreed set of 65 communicable diseases to the Australian Government Department of Health for the purposes of national communicable disease surveillance, although not all 65 diseases were notifiable in each jurisdiction. Data were updated electronically from states and territories, daily or several times a week. The system was complemented by other surveillance systems, which provided information on various diseases, including four that are not reported to National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) (HIV, AIDS and the classical and variant forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)).

Top of page

In 2011, the NNDSS core dataset included the following 5 mandatory data fields: unique record reference number; notifying state or territory; disease code; confirmation status and the date when the jurisdictional health department was notified (notification receive date). In addition, the following core but non-mandatory data fields were supplied where possible: date of birth; age at onset; sex; Indigenous status; postcode of residence; disease onset date; date when the medical practitioner signed the notification form (notification date); death status; date of specimen collection; and outbreak reference number (to identify cases linked to an outbreak). Where relevant, information on the species, serogroups/subtypes and phage types of organisms isolated, and on the vaccination status of the case were collected and reported to the NNDSS. Data quality was monitored by the Office of Health Protection and the National Surveillance Committee (NSC) and there was a continual process of improving the national consistency of communicable disease surveillance through the daily, fortnightly and quarterly review of these data.

While not included in the core national dataset, enhanced surveillance information for some diseases (invasive pneumococcal disease, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, tuberculosis and some sexually transmissible infections) were reported from states and territories to NNDSS but not included in this report. These data, along with influenza enhanced data, are reported in individual annual reports. Additional information concerning mortality and specific health risk factors for some diseases were obtained from states and territories and included in this annual report.

Newly diagnosed HIV infection and AIDS were notifiable conditions in each state or territory health jurisdiction in 2011. These were forwarded to the Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society. Further information can be found in the Kirby Institute’s annual surveillance report.4

The surveillance for the classical and variant forms of CJD in Australia has been conducted through the Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry (ANCJDR) since its establishment in October 2003. CJD is a nationally notifiable disease and by June 2006, CJD was notifiable in all states and territories. Further surveillance information on CJD can be found in surveillance reports from the ANCJDR.5

Information on communicable disease surveillance is communicated through several avenues. The most up-to-date information on topics of interest is provided at the fortnightly teleconferences of the Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). A summary of these reports is available on the CDNA web site (http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cdnareport.htm). The Communicable Diseases Intelligence (CDI) quarterly journal publishes surveillance data, annual surveillance reports, short reports, and articles on the epidemiology and control of communicable diseases.

Notification rates for each notifiable disease were calculated using the estimated 2011 mid-year resident population supplied by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (Appendix 1 and Appendix 2).6 Where diseases were not notifiable in a state or territory, national rates were adjusted by excluding the population of that jurisdiction from the denominator. For some diseases, age adjusted rates were calculated using the direct method of standardisation, with 2006 census data as the standard population. All rates are represented as the rate per 100,000 unless stated otherwise.

Top of page

Notes on interpretation

This report is based on 2011 data from each state and territory, agreed upon in August 2012, and represents a snap shot of the year after duplicate records and incorrect or incomplete data were removed. Totals in this report may vary slightly from the totals reported in CDI quarterly publications.

Analyses in this report were based on the date of disease diagnosis in an attempt to estimate disease activity within the reporting period. The date of diagnosis is the onset date or where the date of onset was not known, the earliest of the specimen collection date, the notification date, or the notification receive date. As considerable time may have elapsed between the onset and diagnosis dates for hepatitis B (unspecified), hepatitis C (unspecified) and tuberculosis, the earliest of specimen date, health professional notification date or public health unit notification receive date was used for these conditions.

Notified cases can only represent a proportion (the ‘notified fraction’) of the total incidence (Figure 1) and this has to be taken into account when interpreting NNDSS data. Moreover, the notified fraction varies by disease, by jurisdiction and over time.

Figure 1: Communicable diseases notifiable fraction

flow chart: link to text description follows

Text version of Figure 1 (TXT 1 KB)

Top of page

Methods of surveillance vary between states and territories, each having different requirements for notification by medical practitioners, laboratories and hospitals. Although the National Notifiable Diseases List2 was established, some diseases are not notifiable in all 8 jurisdictions (Table 1).

Table 1: Diseases notified to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, Australia, 2011
Disease Data received from
* Infection with Shiga toxin/verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli.
NEC - Not elsewhere classified.
Bloodborne diseases
Hepatitis (NEC)
All jurisdictions, except Western Australia
Hepatitis B (newly acquired)
All jurisdictions
Hepatitis B (unspecified)
All jurisdictions
Hepatitis C (newly acquired)
All jurisdictions, except Queensland
Hepatitis C (unspecified)
All jurisdictions
Hepatitis D
All jurisdictions
Gastrointestinal diseases
Botulism
All jurisdictions
Campylobacteriosis
All jurisdictions, except New South Wales
Cryptosporidiosis
All jurisdictions
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
All jurisdictions
Hepatitis A
All jurisdictions
Hepatitis E
All jurisdictions
Listeriosis
All jurisdictions
Salmonellosis
All jurisdictions
Shigellosis
All jurisdictions
STEC, VTEC*
All jurisdictions
Typhoid
All jurisdictions
Quarantinable diseases
Cholera
All jurisdictions
Highly pathogenic avian influenza in humans
All jurisdictions
Plague
All jurisdictions
Rabies
All jurisdictions
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
All jurisdictions
Smallpox
All jurisdictions
Viral haemorrhagic fever
All jurisdictions
Yellow fever
All jurisdictions
Sexually transmissible infections
Chlamydial infections
All jurisdictions
Donovanosis
All jurisdictions
Gonococcal infection
All jurisdictions
Syphilis < 2 years duration
All jurisdictions
Syphilis > 2 years or unspecified duration
All jurisdictions, except South Australia
Syphilis – congenital
All jurisdictions
Vaccine preventable diseases
Diphtheria
All jurisdictions
Haemophilus influenzae type b
All jurisdictions
Influenza (laboratory confirmed)
All jurisdictions
Measles
All jurisdictions
Mumps
All jurisdictions
Pertussis
All jurisdictions
Pneumococcal disease (invasive)
All jurisdictions
Poliomyelitis
All jurisdictions
Rubella
All jurisdictions
Rubella – congenital
All jurisdictions
Tetanus
All jurisdictions
Varicella zoster (chickenpox)
All jurisdictions, except New South Wales
Varicella zoster (shingles)
All jurisdictions, except New South Wales
Varicella zoster (unspecified)
All jurisdictions, except New South Wales
Vectorborne diseases
Arbovirus infection (NEC)
All jurisdictions
Barmah Forest virus infection
All jurisdictions
Dengue virus infection
All jurisdictions
Japanese encephalitis virus infection
All jurisdictions
Kunjin virus infection
All jurisdictions
Malaria
All jurisdictions
Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection
All jurisdictions
Ross River virus infection
All jurisdictions
Zoonoses
Anthrax
All jurisdictions
Australian bat lyssavirus
All jurisdictions
Brucellosis
All jurisdictions
Leptospirosis
All jurisdictions
Lyssavirus (NEC)
All jurisdictions
Ornithosis
All jurisdictions
Q fever
All jurisdictions
Tularaemia
All jurisdictions
Other bacterial infections
Legionellosis
All jurisdictions
Leprosy
All jurisdictions
Meningococcal disease (invasive)
All jurisdictions
Tuberculosis
All jurisdictions

Top of page

Changes in surveillance practices may have been introduced in some jurisdictions and not in others, and must be taken into consideration when comparing data between jurisdictions.

Postcode information usually reflects the residential location of the case, but this does not necessarily represent the place where the disease was acquired.

Data completeness was assessed for cases’ sex, age at onset, and Indigenous status, and reported as the proportion of complete notifications. The completeness of data in this report is summarised in the Results.

The per cent of data completeness was defined as:

Per cent of data completeness=(total notifications – missing or unknown) / total notifications x 100

The Indigenous status was defined by the following nationally accepted values:7

1=Indigenous – (Aboriginal but not Torres Strait Islander origin)

2=Indigenous – (Torres Strait Islander but not Aboriginal origin)

3=Indigenous – (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander origin)

4=Not Indigenous – (not Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin)

9=Not stated

Top of page

Notes on case definitions

Each notifiable disease is governed by a national surveillance case definition for reporting to the NNDSS. These case definitions were agreed by CDNA and implemented nationally in January 2004 and were used by all jurisdictions for the first time in 2005. These case definitions are reviewed by the Case Definitions Working Group (CDWG) as required.

The national surveillance case definitions and their review status are available from the Australian Government Department of Health’s web site (http://www.health.gov.au/casedefinitions).

Top of page

Results

There were 238,158 communicable disease notifications received by NNDSS in 2011 (Table 2)

Table 2: Notifications to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, Australia, 2011, by disease category rank order
Disease category Number %
Sexually transmissible infections
95,456
40.1
Vaccine preventable diseases
81,872
34.4
Gastrointestinal diseases
32,784
13.8
Bloodborne diseases
17,123
7.2
Vectorborne diseases
8,306
3.5
Other bacterial infections
1,928
0.8
Zoonoses
681
0.3
Quarantinable diseases
8
0.0
Total
238,158
100.0

In 2011, the most frequently notified diseases were sexually transmissible infections (95,456 notifications, 40.1% of total notifications), vaccine preventable diseases (81,872 notifications, 34.4% of total notifications), and gastrointestinal diseases (32,784 notifications, 13.8% of total notifications).

There was an increase of 14% compared with the total number of notifications in 2010 but numbers were similar to those in 2009 (Figure 2). This increase in total notifications was largely due to the ongoing pertussis epidemic and higher than usual inter-season notifications of influenza.

Figure 2: Trends in notifications received by the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, Australia, 1991 to 2011

bar graph: link to text description follows

Text version of Figure 2 (TXT 1 KB)

Top of page

Notifications and notification rates per 100,000 for each disease by state or territory, in 2011, are shown in Tables 3 and 4 respectively. Trends in notifications and rates per 100,000 for the period 2006 to 2011 are shown in Table 5.

Table 3: Notifications of communicable diseases, Australia, 2011, by state or territory
Disease State or territory  
ACT NSW NT Qld SA Tas. Vic. WA Aust.
* Newly acquired hepatitis includes cases where the infection was determined to be acquired within 24 months prior to diagnosis. Queensland reports hepatitis C newly acquired under hepatitis C unspecified.
† Unspecified hepatitis and syphilis includes cases where the duration of infection could not be determined or is greater than 24 months. South Australia does not provide data on unspecified syphilis cases.
‡ Infection with Shiga toxin/verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli.
§ Includes Chlamydia trachomatis identified from cervical, rectal, urine, urethral, throat and eye samples, except for South Australia, which reports only cervical, urine and urethral specimens; the Northern Territory and Western Australia exclude ocular infections.
|| The national case definitions for chlamydial, gonococcal and syphilis diagnoses include infections that may be acquired through a non-sexual mode (especially in children – e.g. perinatal infections, epidemic gonococcal conjunctivitis).
¶ Does not include congenital syphilis.
** In the Australian Capital Territory, Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection and Kunjin virus infection are combined under Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection.
†† Only invasive meningococcal disease is nationally notifiable. However, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory also report conjunctival cases.
NEC Not elsewhere classified.
NN Not notifiable.
Bloodborne diseases
Hepatitis (NEC)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hepatitis B (newly acquired)*
2
31
4
46
9
13
67
18
190
Hepatitis B (unspecified)
93
2,501
159
859
403
40
1,915
659
6,629
Hepatitis C (newly acquired)*
9
45
3
NN
33
27
163
120
400
Hepatitis C (unspecified)
182
3,281
206
2,435
425
202
2,174
956
9,861
Hepatitis D
0
9
0
7
8
0
17
2
43
Gastrointestinal diseases
Botulism
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Campylobacteriosis
496
NN
160
5,134
2,121
864
6,766
2,176
17,717
Cryptosporidiosis
13
359
94
465
128
42
259
448
1,808
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
0
4
1
1
3
0
4
0
13
Hepatitis A
3
57
3
25
6
4
34
12
144
Hepatitis E
2
20
0
6
0
0
8
4
40
Listeriosis
1
21
1
10
6
2
22
7
70
Salmonellosis
161
3,480
403
2,923
1,055
195
2,732
1,318
12,267
Shigellosis
9
131
77
63
34
2
94
84
494
STEC,VTEC
5
10
1
16
49
2
9
3
95
Typhoid
2
45
3
21
9
3
36
15
134
Quarantinable diseases
Cholera
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
1
6
Highly pathogenic avian influenza in humans
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Plague
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rabies
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Smallpox
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Viral haemorrhagic fever
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Yellow fever
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
Sexually transmitted infections
Chlamydial infection§,||
1,261
20,495
2,630
18,649
5,128
1,779
19,184
11,674
80,800
Donovanosis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gonococcal infection||
128
2,880
1,956
2,960
445
19
1,879
1,820
12,087
Syphilis – congenital||
0
3
0
4
0
0
0
0
6
Syphilis – all||,¶
33
730
89
553
47
26
862
223
2,563
Syphilis < 2 years duration||
9
422
30
332
47
6
330
127
1,303
Syphilis > 2 years or unspecified duration†,||
24
308
59
221
NN
20
532
96
1,260
Vaccine preventable diseases
Diphtheria
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
4
Haemophilus influenzae type b
0
4
2
5
0
0
1
1
13
Influenza (laboratory confirmed)
270
5,700
597
10,409
4,738
364
3,208
1,863
27,149
Measles
21
90
5
17
4
0
39
17
193
Mumps
1
67
0
38
7
4
24
14
155
Pertussis
829
13,065
378
8,987
2,351
354
8,649
3,989
38,602
Pneumococcal disease (invasive)
27
530
129
341
143
47
427
243
1,887
Poliomyelitis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rubella
2
17
0
10
3
0
11
15
58
Rubella – congenital
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tetanus
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
3
Varicella zoster (chickenpox)
11
NN
148
302
477
34
688
434
2,094
Varicella zoster (shingles)
28
NN
186
75
1,614
202
993
901
3,999
Varicella zoster (unspecified)
99
NN
3
4,002
116
79
2,409
1,007
7,715
Vectorborne diseases
Arbovirus infection (NEC)
0
0
1
9
0
0
14
0
24
Barmah Forest virus infection
2
459
63
872
130
2
187
155
1,870
Dengue virus infection
15
137
25
188
22
3
106
321
817
Japanese encephalitis virus infection
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Kunjin virus infection**
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
Malaria
3
77
23
137
4
9
95
63
411
Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection**
0
3
2
0
2
0
0
9
16
Ross River virus infection
8
577
184
1,220
979
7
1,312
879
5,166
Zoonoses
Anthrax
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Australia bat lyssavirus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Brucellosis
0
6
0
30
0
0
2
1
39
Leptospirosis
1
40
2
157
2
1
11
3
217
Lyssavirus (NEC)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ornithosis
0
19
0
1
0
1
58
6
85
Q fever
1
131
1
164
7
0
24
10
338
Tularaemia
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
Other bacterial diseases
Legionellosis
4
95
5
45
40
7
74
78
348
Leprosy
0
3
0
0
1
0
3
1
8
Meningococcal infection††
2
72
4
61
21
10
50
21
241
Tuberculosis
20
470
33
223
73
17
371
124
1,331
Total
3,744
55,668
7,583
61,481
20,643
4,363
54,981
29,696
238,158

Top of page

Table 4: Notification rates of nationally notifiable communicable diseases, Australia, 2011, by state or territory, per 100,000
Disease State or territory Aust.
ACT NSW NT Qld SA Tas. Vic. WA
* Newly acquired hepatitis includes cases where the infection was determined to be acquired within 24 months prior to diagnosis. Queensland reports hepatitis C newly acquired under hepatitis C unspecified.
† Unspecified hepatitis and syphilis includes cases where the duration of infection could not be determined or is greater than 24 months. South Australia does not provide data on unspecified syphilis cases.
‡ Infection with Shiga toxin/verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli.
§ Includes Chlamydia trachomatis identified from cervical, rectal, urine, urethral, throat and eye samples, except for South Australia, which reports only cervical, urine and urethral specimens; the Northern Territory and Western Australia exclude ocular infections.
|| The national case definitions for chlamydial, gonococcal and syphilis diagnoses include infections that may be acquired through a non-sexual mode (especially in children – e.g. perinatal infections, epidemic gonococcal conjunctivitis).
¶ Does not include congenital syphilis.
** In the Australian Capital Territory, Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection and Kunjin virus infection are combined under Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection.
†† Only invasive meningococcal disease is nationally notifiable. However, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory also report conjunctival cases.
NEC Not elsewhere classified.
NN Not notifiable.
– A rate could not be calculated as there were no notifications.
Bloodborne diseases
Hepatitis (NEC)
Hepatitis B (newly acquired)*
0.5
0.4
1.7
1.0
0.5
2.5
1.2
0.8
0.8
Hepatitis B (unspecified)
25.4
34.3
69.0
18.8
24.3
7.8
34.1
28.1
29.3
Hepatitis C (newly acquired)*
2.5
0.6
1.3
NN
2.0
5.3
2.9
5.1
2.2
Hepatitis C (unspecified)
49.8
44.9
89.4
53.2
25.7
39.6
38.7
40.7
43.6
Hepatitis D
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.3
0.1
0.2
Gastrointestinal diseases
Botulism
<0.1
<0.1
Campylobacteriosis
135.7
NN
69.5
112.1
128.1
169.2
120.4
92.6
115.7
Cryptosporidiosis
3.6
4.9
40.8
10.2
7.7
8.2
4.6
19.1
8.0
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
0.1
0.4
<0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
Hepatitis A
0.8
0.8
1.3
0.5
0.4
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.6
Hepatitis E
0.5
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
Listeriosis
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
Salmonellosis
44.0
47.7
174.9
63.8
63.7
38.2
48.6
56.1
54.2
Shigellosis
2.5
1.8
33.4
1.4
2.1
0.4
1.7
3.6
2.2
STEC,VTEC
1.4
0.1
0.4
0.3
3.0
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.4
Typhoid
0.5
0.6
1.3
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Quarantinable diseases
Cholera
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Highly pathogenic avian influenza in humans
Plague
Rabies
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Smallpox
Viral haemorrhagic fever
Yellow fever
<0.1
<0.1
Sexually transmitted infections
Chlamydial infection§,||
344.9
280.7
1141.6
407.2
309.6
348.5
341.3
496.9
357.2
Donovanosis
Gonococcal infection||
35.0
39.4
849.1
64.6
26.9
3.7
33.4
77.5
53.4
Syphilis – congenital||
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
Syphilis – all||,¶
9.0
10.0
38.6
12.1
2.8
5.1
15.3
9.5
11.3
Syphilis < 2 years duration||
2.5
5.8
13.0
7.2
2.8
1.2
5.9
5.4
5.8
Syphilis > 2 years or unspecified duration†,||
6.6
4.2
25.6
4.8
NN
3.9
9.5
4.1
6.0
Vaccine preventable diseases
Diphtheria
0.4
0.1
<0.1
Haemophilus influenzae type b
0.1
0.9
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
Influenza (laboratory confirmed)
73.8
78.1
259.1
227.3
286.1
71.3
57.1
79.3
120.0
Measles
5.7
1.2
2.2
0.4
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.9
Mumps
0.3
0.9
0.8
0.4
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.7
Pertussis
226.7
178.9
164.1
196.2
141.9
69.3
153.9
169.8
170.7
Pneumococcal disease (invasive)
7.4
7.3
56.0
7.4
8.6
9.2
7.6
10.3
8.3
Poliomyelitis
Rubella
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.3
Rubella – congenital
Tetanus
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Varicella zoster (chickenpox)
3.0
NN
64.2
6.6
28.8
6.7
12.2
18.5
13.7
Varicella zoster (shingles)
7.7
NN
80.7
1.6
97.4
39.6
17.7
38.4
26.1
Varicella zoster (unspecified)
27.1
NN
1.3
87.4
7.0
15.5
42.9
42.9
50.4
Vectorborne diseases
Arbovirus infection (NEC)
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
Barmah Forest virus infection
0.5
6.3
27.3
19.0
7.8
0.4
3.3
6.6
8.3
Dengue virus infection
4.1
1.9
10.9
4.1
1.3
0.6
1.9
13.7
3.6
Japanese encephalitis virus infection
Kunjin virus infection**
<0.1
0.4
<0.1
Malaria
0.8
1.1
10.0
3.0
0.2
1.8
1.7
2.7
1.8
Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection**
<0.1
0.9
0.1
0.4
0.1
Ross River virus infection
2.2
7.9
79.9
26.6
59.1
1.4
23.3
37.4
22.8
Zoonoses
Anthrax
Australia bat lyssavirus
Brucellosis
0.1
0.7
<0.1
<0.1
0.2
Leptospirosis
0.3
0.5
0.9
3.4
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
1.0
Lyssavirus (NEC)
Ornithosis
0.3
<0.1
0.2
1.0
0.3
0.4
Q fever
0.3
1.8
0.4
3.6
0.4
0.4
0.4
1.5
Tularaemia
0.4
<0.1
Other bacterial diseases
Legionellosis
1.1
1.3
2.2
1.0
2.4
1.4
1.3
3.3
1.5
Leprosy
<0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Meningococcal infection††
0.5
1.0
1.7
1.3
1.3
2.0
0.9
0.9
1.1
Tuberculosis
5.5
6.4
14.3
4.9
4.4
3.3
6.6
5.3
5.9

Top of page

Table 5: Notifications and notification rate for communicable diseases, Australia, 2006 to 2011, per 100,000
Disease Number of notifications 5-year mean Ratio Notification rate per 100,000 population
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
* Newly acquired hepatitis includes cases where the infection was determined to be acquired within 24 months prior to diagnosis. Queensland reports hepatitis C newly acquired under hepatitis C unspecified.
† Unspecified hepatitis and syphilis includes cases where the duration of infection could not be determined or is greater than 24 months. South Australia does not provide data on unspecified syphilis cases.
‡ Infection with Shiga toxin/verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli.
§ Includes Chlamydia trachomatis identified from cervical, rectal, urine, urethral, throat and eye samples, except for South Australia, which reports only cervical, urine and urethral specimens; the Northern Territory and Western Australia exclude ocular infections.
|| The national case definitions for chlamydial, gonococcal and syphilis diagnoses include infections that may be acquired through a non-sexual mode (especially in children – e.g. perinatal infections, epidemic gonococcal conjunctivitis).
¶ Does not include congenital syphilis.
** In the Australian Capital Territory, Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection and Kunjin virus infection are combined under Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection.
†† Only invasive meningococcal disease is nationally notifiable. However, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory also report conjunctival cases.
NEC- Not elsewhere classified.
NN - Not notifiable.
– A rate could not be calculated as there were no notifications.
Bloodborne diseases
Hepatitis (NEC)
1
0
1
0
0
0
0.4
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Hepatitis B (newly acquired)*
291
296
259
241
228
190
263.0
0.7
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.8
Hepatitis B (unspecified)
6,168
6,783
6,444
7,015
6,960
6,629
6674.0
1.0
29.8
32.2
30.0
32.0
31.2
29.3
Hepatitis C (newly acquired)*
437
379
363
398
401
400
395.6
1.0
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.2
Hepatitis C (unspecified)
11,689
11,675
10,956
10,871
10,916
9,861
11221.4
0.9
56.5
55.4
51.0
49.5
49.0
43.6
Hepatitis D
29
33
41
35
34
43
34.4
1.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Gastrointestinal diseases
Botulism
1
1
0
1
0
2
0.6
3.3
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Campylobacteriosis
15,416
16,980
15,539
16,075
16,968
17,717
16,195.6
1.1
111.1
119.9
107.3
108.4
112.5
115.7
Cryptosporidiosis
3,201
2,808
2,003
4,624
1,478
1,808
2,822.8
0.6
15.5
13.3
9.3
21.1
6.6
8.0
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
14
19
32
13
9
13
17.4
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
Hepatitis A
281
166
277
564
267
144
311.0
0.5
1.4
0.8
1.3
2.6
1.2
0.6
Hepatitis E
24
18
44
33
37
40
31.2
1.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Listeriosis
61
50
68
92
71
70
68.4
1.0
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
Salmonellosis
8,215
9,461
8,289
9,509
11,924
12,267
9,479.6
1.3
39.7
44.9
38.6
43.3
53.5
54.2
Shigellosis
544
596
828
616
551
494
627.0
0.8
2.6
2.8
3.9
2.8
2.5
2.2
STEC,VTEC
67
105
98
128
80
95
95.6
1.0
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.4
Typhoid
77
90
105
115
96
134
96.6
1.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.6
Quarantinable diseases
Cholera
3
4
4
5
3
6
3.8
1.6
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Highly pathogenic avian influenza in humans
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
Plague
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
Rabies
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
Smallpox
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
Viral haemorrhagic fever
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
Yellow fever
0
0
0
0
0
2
0.0
<0.1
Sexually transmitted infections
Chlamydial infection§,||
47,414
51,947
58,431
62,954
74,266
80,800
59,002.4
1.4
229.1
246.5
271.8
286.8
333.1
357.2
Donovanosis
6
3
2
1
1
0
2.6
<0.1
0.03
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Gonococcal infection||
8,598
7,646
7,679
8,044
10,020
12,087
8,397.4
1.4
41.5
36.3
35.7
36.6
44.9
53.4
Syphilis – congenital||
11
7
6
3
3
6
6.0
1.0
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Syphilis – all||,¶
2,209
2,778
2,697
2,731
2,398
2,563
2,562.6
1.0
10.7
13.2
12.5
12.4
10.8
11.3
Syphilis < 2 years duration||
892
1,425
1,328
1,331
1,135
1,303
1,222.2
1.1
4.3
6.8
6.2
6.1
5.1
5.8
Syphilis > 2 years or unspecified duration†,||
1,317
1,353
1,369
1,400
1,263
1,260
1,340.4
0.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.1
6.0
Vaccine preventable diseases
Diphtheria
0
0
0
0
0
4
0.0
<0.1
Haemophilus influenzae type b
22
17
25
19
24
13
21.4
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Influenza (laboratory confirmed)
3,322
10,585
9,178
59,018
13,467
27,149
19,114.0
1.4
16.0
50.2
42.7
268.9
60.4
120.0
Measles
125
12
65
105
69
193
75.2
2.6
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.9
Mumps
275
582
285
165
97
155
280.8
0.6
1.3
2.8
1.3
0.8
0.4
0.7
Pertussis
9,759
4,861
14,287
29,769
34,785
38,602
18,692.2
2.1
47.1
23.1
66.5
135.6
156.0
170.7
Pneumococcal disease (invasive)
1,448
1,468
1,628
1,554
1,639
1,887
1,547.4
1.2
7.0
7.0
7.6
7.1
7.4
8.3
Poliomyelitis
0
1
0
0
0
0
0.2
<0.1
<0.1
Rubella
59
34
36
27
44
58
40.0
1.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
Rubella – congenital
0
2
0
0
0
0
0.4
0.0
<0.1
Tetanus
3
3
4
3
2
3
3.0
1.0
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Varicella zoster (chickenpox)
NN
1,667
1,799
1,754
1,747
2,094
NN
18.6
19.6
11.8
11.6
13.7
Varicella zoster (shingles)
NN
1,562
2,326
2,718
2,985
3,999
NN
17.5
25.4
18.3
19.8
26.1
Varicella zoster (unspecified)
NN
4,284
4,413
6,784
7,145
7,715
NN
47.9
48.2
45.8
47.4
50.4
Vectorborne diseases
Arbovirus infection (NEC)
30
17
12
8
24
24
18.2
1.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
Barmah Forest virus infection
2,129
1,709
2,085
1,477
1,470
1,870
1,774.0
1.1
10.3
8.1
9.7
6.7
6.6
8.3
Dengue virus infection
189
314
560
1,406
1,220
817
737.8
1.1
0.9
1.5
2.6
6.4
5.5
3.6
Japanese encephalitis virus infection
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.2
<0.1
<0.1
Kunjin virus infection**
3
1
1
2
2
2
1.8
1.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Malaria
768
564
523
503
394
411
550.4
0.7
3.7
2.7
2.4
2.3
1.8
1.8
Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection**
1
0
2
4
0
16
1.4
11.4
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
Ross River virus infection
5,529
4,175
5,659
4,787
5,152
5,166
5,060.4
1.0
26.7
19.8
26.3
21.8
23.1
22.8
Zoonoses
Anthrax
1
1
0
0
1
0
0.6
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Australia bat lyssavirus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
Brucellosis
50
37
45
32
21
39
37.0
1.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
Leptospirosis
145
108
111
142
131
217
127.4
1.7
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
1.0
Lyssavirus (NEC)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
Ornithosis
165
93
102
65
59
85
96.8
0.9
0.8
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.4
Q fever
411
448
378
310
329
338
375.2
0.9
2.0
2.1
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.5
Tularaemia
0
0
0
0
0
2
0.0
<0.1
Other bacterial diseases
Legionellosis
349
306
272
301
299
348
305.4
1.1
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.5
Leprosy
7
14
11
4
12
8
9.6
0.8
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
Meningococcal infection††
317
305
286
259
229
241
279.2
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.1
Tuberculosis
1,209
1,133
1,214
1,313
1,312
1,331
1,236.2
1.1
5.8
5.4
5.6
6.0
5.9
5.9
Total
131,073
146,148
159,474
236,597
209,370
238,158

Top of page

The year in which diseases became notifiable to NNDSS in each jurisdiction is shown in Table 6.

Table 6: Earliest notification year for which NNDSS contains disease data, Australia, by state or territory*
Disease Year in which data first sent to Commonwealth Period of national reporting Exceptions to national reporting
ACT NSW NT Qld SA Tas. Vic. WA
* Data from the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System annual reports from 1991. First full year of reporting to Commonwealth is shown. Some diseases may have been notifiable to state or territory health departments before the dates shown here.
† ‡ Infection with Shiga toxin/verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli.
‡ Includes paratyphoid in New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria.
§ Includes neonatal ophthalmia in the Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, and Victoria.
|| Includes syphilis – congenital from 1991 to 2002.
¶ Includes rubella – congenital from 1991 to 2002.
** Before 1997, includes Ross River virus infection, dengue virus infection and Barmah Forest virus infection.
†† Flavivirus (NEC) replaced arbovirus (NEC) 1 January 2004. Arbovirus (NEC) replaced Flavivirus (NEC) in 2008.
NN - Not notifiable
Bloodborne diseases
Hepatitis (NEC)
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 NN 1991 to present WA do not report
Hepatitis B (newly acquired)
1995 1993 1993 1994 1993 1993 1993 1994 1995 to present ACT did not report 1994
Hepatitis B (unspecified)
1991 1991 2004 1994 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Hepatitis C (newly acquired)
1995 1993 2005 NN 1993 1995 1997 1995 1993 to present Qld do not report
Hepatitis C (unspecified)
1991 1991 1991 1991 1994 1991 1991 1993 1995 to present Includes reports of incident hepatitis C, 1991 to 1994
Hepatitis D
1999 1999 1999 1997 1999 1999 1999 2001 1999 to present WA did not report 1999–2000
Gastrointestinal diseases
Botulism
1992 1998 1998 1997 1993 1992 1992 2001 1992 to present  
Campylobacteriosis
1991 NN 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present NSW do not report
Cryptosporidiosis
2001 2001 2001 1996 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 to present  
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
1999 1999 1999 1997 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 to present  
Hepatitis A
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Hepatitis E
1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 2001 1999 to present WA did not report 1999–2000
Listeriosis
1991 1991 1994 1991 1992 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present SA did not report 1991 NT did not report 1991–1993
Salmonellosis
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Shigellosis
1991 2001 1991 1997 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present NSW did not report 1991–2000
Qld did not report 1991–2006
STEC, VTEC
1999 1999 1999 2002 1999 1999 1999 2001 1999 to present Qld did not report 1991–2002
WA did not report 1999–2001
Typhoid
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Quarantinable diseases
Cholera
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Highly pathogenic avian influenza in humans
2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 to present  
Plague
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Rabies
1993 1997 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 to present  
Smallpox
2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 to present  
Viral haemorrhagic fever
1993 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Yellow fever
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Sexually transmissible infections
Chlamydial infection (NEC)
1993 1991 1991 1991 1993 1991 1991 1993 1994 to present NSW did not report 1994–1998
Donovanosis
1991 2002 1991 1991 2002 1993 1991 1991 1991 to present NSW and SA did not report 1991–2001
Tasmania did not report 1991–1992
Gonococcal infection§
1991 1993 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Syphilis – all||
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Syphilis < 2 years
2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 to present  
Syphilis > 2 years or unspecified duration
2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 to present South Australia do not report
Syphilis – congenital
2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 to present  
Vaccine preventable diseases
Diphtheria
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Haemophilus influenzae type b
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1994 1991 to present WA did not report 1991–1993
Influenza (laboratory confirmed)
2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 to present Influenza became legally notifiable in SA in May 2008
Measles
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Mumps
1992 1992 1995 1997–1998; 2002 1994 1995 1992 1994 1995 to present Queensland did not report (1995–1996 & 1999–2000)
Pertussis
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Pneumococcal disease (invasive)
2001 2001 2001 1997 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 to present  
Poliomyelitis
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Rubella
1991 1991 1993 1991 1993 1995 1992 1994 1993 to present Tasmania did not report 1993–1994
Rubella – congenital
2003 2003 2003 1997 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 to present  
Tetanus
1991 1991 1991 1985 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present Qld did not report 1991–1993
Varicella zoster (chickenpox)
2006 NN 2006 2006 2006 2006 2008 2006 2006 to present All jurisdictions except NSW
Reported by Victoria in September 2008
Varicella zoster (shingles)
2006 NN 2006 2006 2006 2006 2008 2006 2006 to present All jurisdictions except NSW
Reported by Victoria in September 2008
Varicella zoster (unspecified)
2006 NN 2006 2006 2006 2006 2008 2006 2006 to present All jurisdictions except NSW
Reported by Victoria in September 2008
Vectorborne diseases
Barmah Forest virus infection
1995 1995 1997 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 to present  
Dengue virus infection
1993 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1995 1991 to present ACT did not report 1991–1992
Arbovirus infection (NEC)**,||
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present Includes JEV, MVEV and Kunjin 1991–2000
Japanese encephalitis virus infection
2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 to present  
Kunjin virus
2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 to present Reported under MVEV in the ACT
Malaria
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection
2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 to present Combined with Kunjin in the ACT
Ross River virus infection
1993 1993 1991 1991 1993 1993 1991 1991 1993 to present  
Zoonoses
Anthrax
2001 2001 2001 1991 2002 2001 2001 2001 2001 to present  
Australian bat lyssavirus
2001 2001 2001 1998 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 to present  
Brucellosis
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Leptospirosis
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Lyssavirus (NEC)
2001 2001 2001 1998 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 to present  
Ornithosis
1991 2001 1991 1992 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present NSW did not report 1991–2000
Queensland did not report 1997–2001
Q fever
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Tularaemia
2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 to present  
Other bacterial infections
Legionellosis
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Leprosy
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Meningococcal infection
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  
Tuberculosis
1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 to present  

Top of page

The major changes in communicable disease notifications in 2011 are shown in Figure 3 as the ratio of notifications in 2011 to the mean number of notifications for the previous 5 years. Pneumococcal disease (invasive), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) infection, measles, leptospirosis, gonococcal infection, chlamydial infection and campylobacteriosis all surpassed the expected range (5-year mean plus 2 standard deviations). MVEV infection is very rare, and therefore any increase in case numbers leads to a large change in the ratio compared with the 5-year mean. Pertussis did not exceed the 5-year mean plus 2 standard deviations but experienced epidemic level activity in 2011.

Figure 3: Comparison of total notifications of selected diseases reported to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System in 2011, with the previous 5-year mean

bar graph: link to text description follows

Text version of Figure 3 (TXT 1 KB)

Top of page

Data completeness

The case’s sex and age at onset was complete in 99.9% of notifications (Table 7). In 2011, Indigenous status was complete in 80% of notifications, and varied by jurisdiction. Indigenous status was complete for 97% of data reported in the Northern Territory and Western Australia, and 93% in South Australia. In the remaining jurisdictions, less than 76% of data were complete for Indigenous status.

Table 7: Completeness of National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System data received, Australia, 2011, by state or territory*
  State or territory  
  ACT NSW NT Qld SA Tas. Vic. WA Aust.
* Indigenous status is usually obtained from medical notification and completeness varies by disease and by state and territory. This reflects differences in notification requirements (i.e. depending on the jurisdiction, some diseases are primarily or completely notified by pathology laboratories rather than clinicians) and the fact that it is not possible to follow-up all cases for diseases with a large volume of notifications and/or not requiring specific case-based public health action.
Total notifications
3,743
55,668
7,583
61,481
20,643
4,363
54,981
29,696
238,158
Sex
Unknown/ missing
0
182
0
7
14
0
218
0
421
Per cent complete
100
99.9
100
100
99.4
100
99.8
100
99.9
Age at onset
Unknown/ missing
0
26
0
0
12
0
152
0
190
Per cent complete
100
100
100
100
99.4
100
99.9
100
99.9
Indigenous status
Unknown/ missing
2,551
45,163
331
33,542
2,663
2,047
26,410
2,040
114,747
Per cent complete
75.3
69.7
96.7
60.9
93.1
76
76.7
97.3
80.4

Data completeness on Indigenous status also varied by disease as summarised in Appendix 3. In 2011, CDNA set target thresholds of 95% completeness for key diseases and 80% completeness for the remainder of the notifiable diseases. There were 8 diseases for which notifications were 100% complete for Indigenous status. A further 22 diseases equalled or exceeded 80% completeness for Indigenous status. Of the 18 priority diseases agreed to by CDNA and the NSC in 2011 for improving Indigenous identification, seven had an Indigenous completeness that exceeded 95% (Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis A, meningococcal infection, congenital syphilis, syphilis < 2 years duration, leprosy, and tuberculosis). The diseases for which there was less than 95% Indigenous completeness included hepatitis C (newly acquired), hepatitis B (newly acquired), dengue virus (DENV) infection, measles, gonococcal infection, pneumococcal disease (invasive), and shigellosis.

Top of page